The Sahel states and Russia are deepening their strategic partnership, with a particular focus on military cooperation, built on shared interests to confront mounting security challenges and to shape an alliance independent of former colonial powers.

The United Arab Emirates is stepping up its strategic presence in West Africa, with its latest moves focusing on the Alliance of the Sahel States, which includes Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger.

Spain has launched a medium-term strategic plan to strengthen ties with Africa and fill the European void left by France, building on its recent balanced approach and positive reception by African nations.

Turkiye's recent arms deals and defense partnerships in West Africa are clear indicators of diplomatic expansion and Turkish influence, positioning it as a competitor to global powers.

Amid the U.S. military's withdrawal from Niger, the first summit of the Sahel Alliance convened in Niamey, marking a pivotal moment for Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger.